For the second experiment, the sample size was calculated to compare the intervention effect, with an effect size of 0.9, a significance level of 0.05, a power of 80%, and a dropout rate of 20%. For the first experiment, the sample size was calculated to compare the means between conditions, with an effect size of 0.9, a significance level of 0.05, a power of 80%, and a dropout rate of 10%. To determine the sample size, the G-Power program (Kiel University, Germany) was used. Basic information on the patients, including age, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI), was collected. Patients with functional scoliosis due to muscle imbalance or pain, congenital scoliosis, or neuromuscular scoliosis, patients with recent neurological or orthopedic diseases of the upper extremities, lower extremities, or lower back, patients with a history of spinal surgery, and patients with differences in leg length were excluded from the study. All the patients were fully informed of the experimental procedures and provided informed consent before participating. ![]() This classification method uses clinical and radiological criteria, and is designed to overcome the limitations of the classification method that focuses on surgical treatment and the promotion of conservative treatment methods. All curve types were recruited according to the Rigo classification. The patients had no history of braces or other conservative treatments. These patients had Cobb angles ranging from 10° to 45°, and their accompanying vertebral body rotation and lateral deviation were confirmed through radiological findings. This study involved patients living in Busan, South Korea, diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) between the ages of 10 and 30 years. Several studies have emphasized the importance of 3D self-correction and symmetric muscle contraction, which constitute the basic approach of conservative IS treatments. The most crucial element of these common principles is 3D self-correction, which refers to correction along with autonomous muscle contraction using external aids, such as corrective cushions (CCs). The common principles of PSSE are 3D self-correction, patient education, training in activities of daily living, and stabilization of the corrected posture. Conservative intervention methods include a PSSE specifically designed for IS. The purpose of conservative interventions is to prevent not only curve progression, which is the primary aim, but also potential complications such as postural asymmetry, changes in trunk appearance, back pain, and adverse psychosocial effects. To treat IS, surgical intervention, physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercise (PSSE), and conservative interventions, such as braces, can be used. ![]() Therefore, 3DPC and AMC should be considered as crucial elements in exercise interventions for IS patients. ![]() These results indicate that the simultaneous application of 3DPC and AMC is the most effective way to achieve TrA thickness symmetry in IS patients. ![]() Additionally, the Cobb angles and trunk rotation angles showed significant decreases, and trunk expansion showed a significant increase ( p < 0.05). The study found that TrA thickness symmetry significantly increased after 3DPC using CCs and combined with AMC ( p < 0.05). In the second experiment, 37 IS patients participated in a four-week 3DPC exercise program that aimed to maintain TrA thickness symmetry based on the results of the first experiment. In the first experiment, ultrasound measurements were taken of the TrA thickness on both the convex and concave sides of the lumbar curve in the supine position during AMC and non-AMC without 3DPC, and during AMC and non-AMC with 3DPC using CCs, in 11 IS patients. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of 3D postural correction (3DPC) using corrective cushions (CCs) and abdominal muscle contraction (AMC) on the thickness symmetry of the transversus abdominis (TrA) and spinal alignment in patients with idiopathic scoliosis (IS).
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